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- Benefits Trafficking
What is Benefits Trafficking?
Benefits Trafficking = Human Trafficking
Benefits Trafficking is the exploitation of a vulnerable child or adult for the purpose of financial exploitation, gaining access to their monthly benefits and/or life savings -- a form of servitude.
This kind of human trafficking - Benefits Trafficking, has been documented by law enforcement in Georgia, Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, New York, Texas, and Nevada. Georgia is to first state to legislate this crime and has worked to spread awareness across the state and country on this matter.
Human Trafficking, also known as trafficking in persons (TIP), is a crime under federal and international law; it is also a crime in every state in the United States. Benefits Trafficking is often not identified as Human Trafficking due to a lack of awareness and understanding of the problem. The federal, legal definition of a severe form of human trafficking describes three facets of the crime: an action, a means, and a purpose. For example, if an individual is recruited by fraudulent means for the purpose of forced labor, that individual has experienced trafficking. A person can be considered Human Trafficking victim if they are recruited, harbored, transported, provided or obtained for labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion, for purposes of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.1
Human trafficking including Benefits Trafficking is a condition of involuntary servitude, which is induced by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that, if the person did not enter into or continue in such condition, that person or another person would suffer serious harm or physical restraint. A person also may be induced to a condition of servitude by the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process (for example legal deportation of undocumented persons, or guardianship abuse)
Victims of human trafficking, have either never consented or, if they initially consented, that consent has been rendered meaningless by the coercive, deceptive or abusive actions of the traffickers.
Human trafficking can occur regardless of whether victims are taken to another country or subjected to human trafficking in the same country where they reside, even if no movement has taken place.
Domestic trafficking involves the movement of victims within a country between areas, or within their local area. Trafficking involves the ongoing exploitation of the victims in some manner to generate illicit profits for the traffickers.
Human trafficking is a crime against the person because of the violation of the victim's rights of movement through coercion and because of their commercial exploitation.
1 The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 (P. L. 114-22 (2015)) amended the Federal definition of child abuse and neglect provided by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (P. L. 111-320 (2010)) as defined in § 103(10) of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. § 7102)) or a victim of severe forms of trafficking in persons described in § 103(9) (A) [22 U.S.C. § 7102(9)(A)]
Elements of Human Trafficking - UN
Elements of Human Trafficking
(According to UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol Article 3)
The Act (What is done)
Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons
The Means (How it is done)
Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability,
or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim
The Purpose (Why it is done)
For the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs.
The Victim of Benefits Trafficking
The Victim/Survivor
• Victims are persons who are deprived of liberty either physically or legally.
• Victims can children or adults of any age or sex – youth, young adults, elderly.
• Victims can be disabled, US citizens or foreign-born.
• Some programs deliberately target LGBTQ youth for conversion therapy.
• Can be children in detention, foster care or under power of attorney contract.
• Victims often have limited financial resources, lack of social support
• Victims can also be persons with a disability or elderly who have extensive financial assets or have social security, Veterans Administration benefits, or welfare benefits.
• Victims of Benefit Trafficking can also be exploited for other human trafficking purposes including: Sexual exploitation, prostitution, and forced labor.
Perpetrators, Facilitators, and Accomplices
Perpetrators/Facilitators/Accomplices
Caregiver – Intrafamilial/
extrafamilial
Church members
Representative Payee
Persons with Loco parentis
Attorney-in-fact
Conservators
Social Workers
Guidance Counselors
Evaluators
Guardians
Conservators
Family members
Educational Administrator/staff
Adoptive parents
Foster parents
Attorneys
Judges
Administrator/staff of hospital
assisted living facility or
nursing home
Administrator/Staff at Residential Treatment Facility
Types of Facilities and Programs
Types of Facilities/Programs
Educational program
Wilderness Therapy
Behavioral health treatment center
Wilderness therapy
Residential treatment centers
Therapeutic boarding school
Substance abuse treatment program
Boarding home
Transitional home
Host family home
Assisted Living Facility
Nursing Home
Charity home
Characteristics of Facilities or Programs
Characteristics of Facilities/Programs
• Vast majority of facilities/programs do not meet minimum standards of care provision.
• Residential care facilities operating without a license.
• Often privately owned – not public facilities/programs
• No training and no mandated reporting by staff of abuse and/or neglect
• No established professional codes of conduct for personnel to hold staff accountable for their behavior
• No regular safety or health inspections
• Often require non-disclosure agreements from staff
• Often under the cover of a religious institution
The Act (What is Done) - Benefits Trafficking
The Act (What is done)
• Recruitment/referral via hospitals, shelters, churches, on-line, licensed facilities, senior
centers, day programs, substance abuse treatment programs, and even court ordered.
• Transport against the victim's wishes to a place of isolation/imprisonment
• Escort service may be used for transportation to the facility/program
• Victim becomes a person deprived of liberty – physically and/or legally
• Potential forcible abduction with transportation to another state or another country
• Placement/Confinement in a treatment/educational facility or program often in another state that isolates them from the community and family
The Means (How it is Done) - Benefits Trafficking
The Means (How it is done)
• Imprisonment, physical restraint or legal restraint of an individual in order to financially
exploit them thru billing their family, their insurance company or obtaining payment
from governmental medical or welfare programs or educational benefits
• Removal of the financial assets of the victim
• Victims may be confined – staff is keeper of the key, sometimes use of restraints.
• Promises of benefits and services that are never delivered.
• False representation sometimes using websites or advertisements on-line.
• Use of coercion, deception, duress, emotional abuse, “brain washing”
• Intimidation and bullying.
• Minimizing, denying and blaming
• Coercion and threats
• Isolation of victim from the outside world/social support network
• Use psychological coercion to create learned helplessness in victims so they sense that they no longer have any autonomy or control over their lives.
• Withholding or food or sleep
• May use physical punishment, drugs or alcohol to control victims
• Removal of legal rights from victim or family by the use of guardianship or loco parentis
• Unregulated custody transfers of children or rehoming - which is an underground practice that happens outside the purview of the courts and the child welfare system. It is a practice in which parents seek new homes for their children and place them without the safeguards and oversight of the courts or the child welfare system.
• Use of a power of attorney over the victim that may not be filed with or approved by a court of law, although it may be signed by both parties and notarized.
• Parent may use a power of attorney to temporarily grant another person certain powers
regarding their child’s care and physical custody, such as the authority to make medical and educational decisions.
• Use of a Representative Payee program, whereby an individual is designated to receive and manage benefits for beneficiaries
• Guardian's control of assets of the ward
• Controlling finances without discussion, including taking victim's money or refusing to provide money for necessary expenses.
• Excluding the victim from decision making when he or she is capable and wants to be included.
• Preventing victim from making his/her own decisions, including about working or attending school.
• Pressuring victim to undress or have sex or perform sexual acts he/she is not comfortable with.
• Pressuring victim to use drugs or alcohol.
• Intimidating victim through threatening looks or actions.
• Insulting parents parenting style, or threatening to take away their child
• Intimidating victim with weapons like guns, knives, bats, or mace.
• Violence, assault
The Purpose (Why it is Done) - Benefits Trafficking
The Purpose (Why it is done)
• Exploitation for the value of benefits or financial assets of the at-risk child or adult
• Benefits exploited can be from Social Security (Retirement, SSI, SSDI), Food Stamps, Veteran’s Benefits, Medicaid and Medicare Reimbursements, Retirement benefits,
Insurance payments, and IEP Educational Funding.
• Billing parents for educational program
• Fraudulent billing for deceptive/inadequate educational programming
• Abuse and neglect of residents can occur in addition to financial fraud of federal programs
• Health Care Fraud – fraudulent billing to medical insurance, Medicaid/Medicare or state/federal benefits
• Sexual Exploitation
• Exploitation for labor